Heads up! OpenBSD turns 4.6-current
David Gwynne (dlg@) has tagged 4.6-current. That means that we are one step closer to the upcoming release. Keep an eye out for pre-orders!
From: David Gwynne
To: source-changes@cvs.openbsd.org
Subject: CVS: cvs.openbsd.org: src
Date: Sun, 5 Jul 2009 17:42:51 -0600 (MDT)
Sender: owner-source-changes@openbsd.org
CVSROOT: /cvs
Module name: src
Changes by: dlg@cvs.openbsd.org 2009/07/05 17:42:51
Modified files:
sys/conf : newvers.sh
Log message:
take us to 4.6-current
sudo -s
Shell:~ >: id
uid=1000(Py3k) gid=0(wheel) groups=0(wheel), 5(operator), 20(staff), 597(_kqemu)
Shell:~ >: sudo -s
obsd# id
uid=0(root) gid=0(wheel) groups=0(wheel), 2(kmem), 3(sys), 4(tty), 5(operator), 20(staff), 31(guest), 597(_kqemu)
obsd#
BSD Release: BSDanywhere 4.5
Stephan Rickauer has announced the release of BSDanywhere 4.5, a live CD consisting of a base OpenBSD system plus a graphical desktop (Enlightenment 17): "We are pleased to announce the immediate availability of BSDanywhere 4.5 - Enlightenment at your fingertips. Here's a quick summary of the changes since 4.4: Upgrade base system to OpenBSD 4.5 and packages accordingly, please see the OpenBSD site for a list of changes since 4.4; contains official, standard, unmodified OpenBSD kernel - previously, we had to ship a slightly modified version of the OpenBSD kernel to make the boot off CD media less cumbersome, but thanks to OpenBSD developer Kenneth Westerback, this has been improved in OpenBSD 4.5; last but not least, we have great new artwork, provided graciously by Tim Saueressig." Here is the complete release announcement. Download (SHA256): bsdanywhere45-i386.iso (628MB), bsdanywhere45-amd64.iso (699MB).
BSDanywhere是基于OpenBSD的自启动运行光盘镜像。它包含了整个OpenBSD基础系统(不含编译器),并带有一份图形桌面、一套非典型 的软件收藏、自动硬件检测,以及对很多显示卡、声卡、SCSI、USB设备及其他外设的支持。BSDanywhere可以作为一份教学UNIX系统,一套 修复环境,或者是硬件测试平台来使用。
OpenBSD 4.5 Pre-Orders Online
Pre-orders are now being accepted for OpenBSD 4.5, scheduled for release on May 1st, 2009.
The developers bring us an amazing amount of cool new stuff (Accelerated video drivers, OpenSSH 5.2, LDoms Virtualization, pflow(4) NetFlow export interface, aucat(8) audio server capability and lots more). There are over 5500 ports and packages for easy installation.
Of course, t-shirts and posters are available too. Order your set NOW! (International, Europe)
OpenSSL CVE-2008-5077: Incorrect checks for malformed signatures
Some exploitable logic errors have been discovered in OpenSSL versions prior to 0.9.8j.
These errors may permit an attacker to bypass validation of DSA/ECDSA certificates and
conduct a "man in the middle attack" against SSL/TLS connection that use them.
Fortunately, DSA and ECDSA certificates appear to be rarely used in practice.
This vulnerability has been designated CVE-2008-5077.
More information is available from the OpenSSL project at:
http://www.openssl.org/news/secadv_20090107.txt
Source code patches are available for OpenBSD 4.3 and 4.4. -current has been updated to OpenSSL 0.9.8j
Patch for OpenBSD 4.3:
ftp://ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/patches/4.3/common/007_openssl.patch
Patch for OpenBSD 4.4:
ftp://ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/patches/4.4/common/007_openssl.patch
These patches are also available in the OPENBSD_4_3 and OPENBSD_4_4 stable CVS branches.
Thanks Damien for the update. Start your patching!
from OpenBSD Journal
OpenBSD command: lockspool
LOCKSPOOL(1) OpenBSD Reference Manual LOCKSPOOL(1)
NAME
lockspool - lock user's system mailbox
SYNOPSIS
lockspool [username]
DESCRIPTION
lockspool is useful for a client mail program to attain proper locking.
lockspool obtains a username.lock for the calling user and retains it un-
til stdin is closed or a signal like SIGINT, SIGTERM, or SIGHUP is re-
ceived. Additionally, the superuser may specify the name of a user in
order to lock a different mailbox.
If lockspool is able to create the lock file, ``1'' is written to stdout,
otherwise ``0'' is written and an error message is written to stderr.
lockspool will try up to 10 times to get the lock (sleeping for a short
period in between tries).
The lockspool utility exits 0 on success, and 1 if an error occurs.
FILES
/var/mail/username.lock user's mail lock file
SEE ALSO
mail(1), mail.local(8), sendmail(8)
HISTORY
The lockspool program appeared in OpenBSD 2.4.
OpenBSD command: nologin
NOLOGIN(8) OpenBSD System Manager's Manual NOLOGIN(8)
NAME
nologin - politely refuse a login
SYNOPSIS
nologin
DESCRIPTION
nologin displays a message that an account is not available and exits
non-zero. It is intended as a replacement shell field for accounts that
have been disabled.
If the file /etc/nologin.txt exists, nologin displays its contents to the
user instead of the default message.
SEE ALSO
login(1)
HISTORY
The nologin command appeared in 4.4BSD.
OpenBSD 4.4 May 31, 2007 1
what in OpenBSD
Shell:~ >: wh
what whence whereis which-command who whois
whatis where which while whoami
Shell:~ >: whereis what
/usr/bin/what
Shell:~ >: cd /usr/bin
Shell:/usr/bin >: what what
what
Copyright (c) 1980, 1988, 1993
$OpenBSD: what.c,v 1.11 2003/07/10 00:06:52 david Exp $
Shell:/usr/bin >: whatis what
what (1) - show what versions of object modules were used to construct a file
Shell:/usr/bin >: whatis what whatis whence where whereis which which-command while
what (1) - show what versions of object modules were used to construct a file
whatis (1) - describe what a command is
whereis (1) - locate programs
which (1) - locate a program file (or files) in the path
Converts a file with native (1) -encoded characters (characters which are non-Latin 1 and non-Unicode) to one with Unicode-encoded characters.
whence: not found
where: not found
which-command: not found
while: not found
Shell:/usr/bin >: whereis what whatis whence where whereis which which-command while
/usr/bin/what
/usr/bin/whatis
/usr/bin/whereis
/usr/bin/which
Shell:/usr/bin >: alias | grep wh
which-command=whence
whence, where, while inside zsh.
BSD发行版:BSDanywhere 4.4发布
BSDanywhere是基于OpenBSD的自启动运行光盘镜像。它包含了整个OpenBSD基础系统(不含编译器),并带有一份图形桌面、一套非典型 的软件收藏、自动硬件检测,以及对很多显示卡、声卡、SCSI、USB设备及其他外设的支持。BSDanywhere可以作为一份教学UNIX系统,一套 修复环境,或者是硬件测试平台来使用。
Stephan Rickauer has announced the release of BSDanywhere 4.4, a live CD based on the latest stable version of OpenBSD: "We are pleased to announce the immediate availability of BSDanywhere 4.4 - Enlightenment at your fingertips. As always, we release our OpenBSD based images in two flavours: i386 (32bit) and amd64 (64bit). Here's a quick summary of the not-to-intense changes since 4.3: removed packages: GIMP, AbiWord, Audacious, Mutt, rsnapshot, Darkstat - we are really limited in space that's why we decided to concentrate on the primary focus of BSDanywhere, which is hardware testing and system rescue; added packages: Dnstop, dnstracer; we now enabled 'machdep.kbdreset' which permits console CTRL-ALT-DEL to do a nice halt; new artwork." Read the rest of the release announcement for further information. Download (MD5): bsdanywhere44-i386.iso (612MB), bsdanywhere44-amd64.iso (683MB).
Python 3.0 on OpenBSD
Shell:~/tools/Py3k/bin >: ./python3.0
Python 3.0 (r30:67503, Dec 4 2008, 23:27:21)
[GCC 3.3.5 (propolice)] on openbsd4
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> import os
>>> os.uname()
('OpenBSD', 'obsd.org', '4.4', 'GENERIC.MP#0', 'i386')
>>> import sys
>>> for line in sys.path: print(line)
...
/home/Py3k/mylibs/lib/Python
/home/Py3k/tools/Py3k/lib/python30.zip
/home/Py3k/tools/Py3k/lib/python3.0
/home/Py3k/tools/Py3k/lib/python3.0/plat-openbsd4
/home/Py3k/tools/Py3k/lib/python3.0/lib-dynload
/home/Py3k/tools/Py3k/lib/python3.0/site-packages
>>>
tar -j for openbsd
TAR(1) OpenBSD Reference Manual TAR(1)
NAME
tar - tape archiver
SYNOPSIS
tar {crtux}[014578befHhjLmOoPpqsvwXZz]
[blocking-factor | archive | replstr] [-C directory] [-I file]
[file ...]
tar {-crtux} [-014578eHhjLmOoPpqvwXZz] [-b blocking-factor] [-C
directory] [-f archive] [-I file] [-s replstr] [file ...]
DESCRIPTION
The tar command creates, adds files to, or extracts files from an archive
file in ``tar'' format. A tar archive is often stored on a magnetic
tape, but can be stored equally well on a floppy, CD-ROM, or in a regular
disk file.
...
-j Compress archive using bzip2. The bzip2 utility must be in-
stalled separately.
...
已经支持bzip2了。
openjdk for openbsd
Shell:~ >: uname -a
OpenBSD obsd.org 4.4 GENERIC.MP#0 i386
Shell:~ >: java -version
openjdk version "1.7.0-internal"
OpenJDK Runtime Environment (build 1.7.0-internal-naddy_12_aug_2008_23_14-b00)
OpenJDK Client VM (build 12.0-b01, mixed mode)
Shell:~ >: pkg_list jdk
jdk-1.7.0.00b24p2.tgz
Shell:~ >:
mirror for OpenBSD
Shell:~ >: grep PKG .zprofile
#export PKG_PATH=ftp://ftp.openbsd.org.tw/pub/OpenBSD/$(uname -r)/packages/$(machine -a)/
export PKG_PATH=ftp://ftp.freebsdchina.org/pub/OpenBSD/$(uname -r)/packages/$(machine -a)/
Shell:~ >: grep CVSROOT .zprofile
export CVSROOT=anoncvs@anoncvs.jp.openbsd.org:/cvs
#export CVSROOT=anoncvs@anoncvs.de.openbsd.org:/cvs
Shell:~ >: cat /etc/mk.conf
SUDO=/usr/bin/sudo
WRKOBJDIR=/usr/obj/ports
DISTDIR=/usr/distfiles
PACKAGE_REPOSITORY=/usr/packages
_MASTER_SITE_OPENBSD?= \
ftp://ftp.freebsdchina.org/pub/OpenBSD/distfiles/${DIST_SUBDIR}/ \
ftp://ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/distfiles/${DIST_SUBDIR}/ \
ftp://ftp.tw.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/distfiles/${DIST_SUBDIR}/
XENOCARA_RERUN_AUTOCONF=Yes
ACCEPT_JRL_LICENSE=Yes
Shell:~ >:
http://mirror.openbsd.org.cn
http://www.iredmail.org/openbsd
OpenBSD 4.4 released, Nov 1. Enjoy!
|
|
Nov 1, 2008.
We are pleased to announce the official release of OpenBSD 4.4.
This is our 24th release on CD-ROM (and 25th via FTP). We remain
proud of OpenBSD's record of more than ten years with only two remote
holes in the default install.
As in our previous releases, 4.4 provides significant improvements,
including new features, in nearly all areas of the system:
- New/extended platforms:
o OpenBSD/sparc64.
Fujitsu's SPARC64-V, SPARC64-VI and SPARC64-VII processors are supported
now, which means that many of the PRIMEPOWER machines and the SPARC
Enterprise M4000/M5000/M8000/M9000 work now.
Sun's UltraSPARC VI processors are supported now. Many of Sun's
mid-range and high-end servers with these processors or UltraSPARC III
and UltraSPARC III+ processors work now.
Sun's UltraSPARC T1 and UltraSPARC T2 processors are supported now,
which means the sun4v architecture is now supported and machines like
the SPARC Enterprise T1000 and SPARC Enterprise T5220 work now.
o OpenBSD/socppc.
For machines based on the Freescale MPC8349E
System-on-Chip (SoC) platform that use Das U-Boot as a boot loader.
o OpenBSD/landisk: added shared libraries support.
- Improved hardware support, including:
o Several new/improved drivers for sensors: fins(4), andl(4), it(4),
kate(4), sdtemp(4), lmtemp(4), adt(4), km(4).
o Support for Intel G33 and G35 chipsets in agp(4).
o New lii(4) driver for Attansic L2 10/100 Ethernet devices.
o Preliminary support for UVC USB webcams: uvideo(4) and video(4).
o WPA/WPA2-PSK support for several models of wireless cards.
o Openchrome(4) and geode(4) video card drivers for X.Org.
o New vmt(4) driver, implements VMware Tools.
o New auglx(4) driver for AMD Geode LX CS5536 integrated AC'97 audio.
o New ix(4) driver for Intel 82598 PCI Express 10Gb Ethernet.
o New acpithinkpad(4) driver provides additional ACPI support for
IBM/Lenovo ThinkPad laptops.
o New acpiasus(4) driver provides additional ACPI support for ASUS
laptops including the EeePC.
o New gecko(4) driver supporting the GeckoBOA BC GSC+ port found on
some hppa systems.
o New tsec(4) driver supporting the Freescale Triple Speed Ethernet
Controller..
o The re(4) driver now supports RTL8102E and RTL8168 devices.
o The cas(4) driver now supports National Semiconductor Saturn devices.
o The pccom(4) driver has been removed; all platforms use com(4) now.
o cardbus(4) and pcmcia(4) now work on most sparc64 machines.
o The udcf(4) driver now supports mouseCLOCK USB II devices.
o The msk(4) driver now supports 88E8040T devices.
o The ath(4) now now supports many more Atheros wireless devices.
o The ciss(4) driver now supports HP Smart Array P212, P410, P411, P411i
and P812 devices.
o The uftdi(4) driver now supports ELV Elektronik and FTDI 2232L devices.
o The umsm(4) driver now supports Option GlobeTrotter 3G+, Huawei E220
and more HSDPA MSM devices.
o The ubsa(4) driver now supports ZTE CMDMA MSM devices.
o The axe(4) driver now supports Apple USB A1277 devices.
o The puc(4) driver now supports more Netmos devices.
o The mgx(4) driver now supports 2D acceleration on selected boards.
o The isp(4) driver firmware for some controllers has been updated.
o The isp(4) driver no longer hangs during probe on some machines.
o The bge(4) driver has better support for BCM5704 chipsets in fiber
mode which helps with some blade servers.
o The bge(4) driver has better support for the BCM5906 chipset on
some systems.
o The bge(4) driver has much better support for PCI Express chipsets
resulting in much faster transmit performance.
o The bge(4) driver has support for the BCM5714/5715/5780 chipsets
using fiber interfaces.
o The bnx(4) driver has support for the BCM5706/5708 chipsets using
fiber interfaces.
o The ral(4) driver now supports Ralink Technology RT2700 devices.
o Serial ports other than com0 can now be used for console on amd64.
o The serial console on i386 and amd64 has improved compatibility
with server management cards.
- New tools:
o rpc.statd(8), the host status monitoring daemon for use with the NFS
file locking daemon.
o Initial import of ypldap(8), a drop-in replacement for ypserv
to glue in an LDAP directory for get{pw,gr}ent family of functions.
o Deprecated slattach(8) and nmeaattach(8) in favor of ldattach(8).
o Import of tcpbench(1), a small TCP benchmarking tool.
- New functionality:
o aucat(1) is now able to play and record audio in fullduplex, it
can mix unlimited number of streams, handles up to 16 channels, can
resample streams on the fly, supports various 24-bit and 32-bit
encodings and does format conversions on the fly.
o httpd(8) now supports IPv6.
o dhcpd(8) now supports basic synchronization of the /etc/dhcpd.leases
file to allow for running multiple instances for redundancy.
o rpc.lockd(8) now supports NLMv4 and does actually do locking.
o ftp(1) now supports recursive mget transfers.
o ftp(1) now uses keep alive packets by default.
o Make ftp(1) accept empty passwords in URLs.
o locate(1) now supports -b flag to perform search only on the last
component of the path.
o Allow cdio(1) in TAO mode to set the write speed.
o cdio(1) no longer blanks media twice.
o Add ability in cdio(1) to determine media capabilities and make it figure
out if media supports TAO or blanking.
o Initial version of softraid(4) crypto support.
o dhcpd(8) now groks options tftp-config-file and auto-proxy-script in
dhcpd.conf.
o dhclient(8) option handling much more resistant to abuse.
o dhclient(8) now aware of interface link state and reacts to changes.
o DIOCRLDINFO, DIOCGPDINFO, and DIOCGPART support added to block devices
previously lacking it.
o disklabel(8) no longer supports the '-r' option, and obtains all disklabel
information via ioctl's.
o disklabel(8) no longer suggests offsets and sizes that would result in
partitions starting or ending outside the OpenBSD section of the disk.
o disklabel(8) now correctly reads back the 'vendor' field from text
disklabels.
o disklabel(8) editor mode '?' and 'p' commands are more compact and the 'l'
command has been added to produce previous verbose output.
o I/O's outside the bounds of the RAW_PART are now prevented, allowing
proper detection of invalid I/O's.
o USB floppies now have a valid cylinder count calculated, rather than 0.
o newfs(8) can now create filesystems on devices with sector sizes other
than 512, although such filesystems cannot yet be read.
o scsi(4) probing displays less useless verbiage and fewer spurious error
messages.
o st(4) devices can now be detached.
o ATAPI devices are now identified as such, rather than as SCSIn devices.
o SATA tape drives now work.
o scsi(4) probing now displays the ID of the initiator on the bus.
o scsi(4) debug capabilities improved to show commands and input or output
data as appropriate.
o scsi(4) probing makes better use of the TEST UNIT READY command to clear
errors and allow successfull attachments.
o scsi(4) probing can now find more fibre channel attached devices.
o Several mbuf pool cache corruption issues were fixed
o identd(8) now supports IPv6 in standalone mode.
o cal(1) now shows week numbers too.
o In pf(4), implement a sloppy tcpstate tracker which does not look at
sequence numbers at all.
o pf(4) rule accounting now has a counter to record how many states in
total have been created by a rule.
o The kill states feature in pfctl(8) now supports two additional match
targets: Kill by rule label or state ID.
o Make relayd(8) use sloppy pf(4) state keeping for routed sessions (Direct
Server Return).
o Added support in relayd(8) for transparent L7 forwarding in relays.
o Added support for dynamic IPv6-to-IPv4 or IPv4-to-IPv6 TCP relays
in relayd(8).
o Improved the DNS mode and use OpenBSD's Id shuffle code from named(8)
in relayd(8).
o Extend awk(1) with bitwise operations.
o Updated the display code for systat(1) which adds views for pf(4) states,
rules and queues.
o Imported initial support for IEEE 802.3ad/LACP in trunk(4).
- Assorted improvements and code cleanup:
o A greatly changed buffer cache subsystem which maps cache pages only
when in use, resulting in improved filesystem performance, and
allowing for the effective use of a much larger buffer cache
o A greatly improved implementation of malloc(3), the general purpose
memory allocator, which catches more mistakes, reduces address space
fragmentation, and is faster.
o The statfs(2) system call has been enhanced to support large filesystems.
o The strtof(3) function has been added to libc.
o A lot of work has been done on libm to add several functions towards more
C99 compliance.
o Lots of features have been implemented in OpenCVS, which can now be used
to do some real work.
o New APIs for arc4random, one to fill a buffer with random numbers
and the other to return a uniformly distributed random number
without bias.
- Install/Upgrade process changes:
o A new tool sysmerge(1), derived from the old mergemaster port, makes
it easier to merge configuration files changes during an upgrade.
o Fully support OpenBSD inside extended partitions on i386 and amd64.
o During installation 'dhcp' is now the initial default answer during
network configuration.
o Fetching sets via FTP more reliable due to automatic use of keep alive.
o Fetching sets via NFS no longer hangs retrying a non-functional mount.
o Installation ensures hostname.* files are installed with mode 600.
o Serial console configuration now automatically detects speed.
o Serial console support extended to all architectures.
o Partition size display no longer limited to 32 bit sizes.
o Partition sizes now scaled and formatted to use human readable units.
o NTPD configuration questions improved.
o Sparc miniroot root disk detection fixed.
o Invocations of disklabel(8) by the scripts are now less verbose.
- OpenSSH 5.1:
o New experimental fingerprint ASCII art visualisation system for easier
verification of remote keys.
o Added chroot(2) support for sshd(8).
o Added an extended test mode (-T) to sshd(8).
o Make ssh(1) support negation of groups in a "Match group" block.
o Increased the ephemeral key size in protocol1 from 768 to 1024 bits.
o Better tests of primes in /etc/moduli
o Refuse to read .shosts or authorized_keys files that are not regular
files.
o Enable ~ escapes for multiplex slave sessions.
o Support CIDR address matching in Match blocks and authorized_keys
from="..." stanzas.
o Make port forwarding code try additional addresses when connecting to
a destination whose DNS name resolves to more than one address.
o Make the maximum number of ssh(1) sessions run-time controllable via
MaxSessions in sshd_config(5).
o ssh-scan(1) now defaults to RSA protocol 2 keys, instead of RSA1.
o Added an extension to sftp protocol to implement statvfs(2)-like operations
and add a df command to sftp(1).
o Disable execution of /.ssh/rc for sessions where a command has been
forced by the sshd_config ForceCommand directive.
o And several bug fixes and performance enhancements.
- Over 4,500 ports, minor robustness improvements in package tools.
o Many pre-built packages for each architecture:
i386: 5033 sparc64: 4862 alpha: 4852 sh: 1285
amd64: 4940 powerpc: 4466 sparc: 3381 mips64: 3099
arm: 4018 hppa: 1595 vax: 1954
o Highlights include:
o mozilla-firefox 3
o drupal 5
o Gnome 2.20.3.
o GNUstep 1.14.2.
o Inkscape 0.46.
o JDK 1.7.0.b24.
o KDE 3.5.8.
o Mozilla Firefox 2.0.0.16 and 3.0.1.
o Mozilla Thunderbird 2.0.0.16.
o MySQL 5.0.51a
o OpenMotif 2.3.0.
o OpenOffice.org 2.4.1.
o PostgreSQL 8.3.3.
o Xfce 4.4.2.
- As usual, steady improvements in manual pages and other documentation.
- The system includes the following major components from outside
suppliers:
o Xenocara (based on X.Org 7.3 + patches, freetype 2.3.5,
fontconfig 2.4.2, expat 2.0.1, Mesa 7.0.3, xterm 234 and more)
o Gcc 2.95.3 (+ patches) and 3.3.5 (+ patches)
o Perl 5.8.8 (+ patches)
o Our improved and secured version of Apache 1.3, with SSL/TLS and DSO
support
o OpenSSL 0.9.7j (+ patches)
o Groff 1.15
o Sendmail 8.14.3, with libmilter
o Bind 9.4.2-P2 (+ patches)
o Lynx 2.8.5rel.4 with HTTPS and IPv6 support (+ patches)
o Sudo 1.6.9p17
o Ncurses 5.2
o Latest KAME IPv6
o Heimdal 0.7.2 (+ patches)
o Arla 0.35.7
o Binutils 2.15 (+ patches)
o Gdb 6.3 (+ patches)
If you'd like to see a list of what has changed between OpenBSD 4.3
and 4.4, look at
http://www.OpenBSD.org/plus44.html
Even though the list is a summary of the most important changes
made to OpenBSD, it still is a very very long list.
We provide patches for known security threats and other important
issues discovered after each CD release. As usual, between the
creation of the OpenBSD 4.4 FTP/CD-ROM binaries and the actual 4.4
release date, our team found and fixed some new reliability problems
(note: most are minor and in subsystems that are not enabled by
default). Our continued research into security means we will find
new security problems -- and we always provide patches as soon as
possible. Therefore, we advise regular visits to
http://www.OpenBSD.org/security.html
and
http://www.OpenBSD.org/errata.html
Security patch announcements are sent to the security-announce@OpenBSD.org
mailing list. For information on OpenBSD mailing lists, please see:
http://www.OpenBSD.org/mail.html
OpenBSD 4.4 is also available on CD-ROM. The 3-CD set costs $50 CDN
(EUR 50 including VAT) and is available via mail order and from a number
of contacts around the world. The set includes a colourful booklet
which carefully explains the installation of OpenBSD. A new set
of cute little stickers is also included (sorry, but our FTP mirror
sites do not support STP, the Sticker Transfer Protocol). As an
added bonus, the second CD contains an audio track, a song entitled
"Trial of the BSD Knights". MP3 and OGG versions of the audio track can
be found on the first CD.
Lyrics (and an explanation) for the songs may be found at:
http://www.OpenBSD.org/lyrics.html#44
Profits from CD sales are the primary income source for the OpenBSD
project -- in essence selling these CD-ROM units ensures that OpenBSD
will continue to make another release six months from now.
The OpenBSD 4.4 CD-ROMs are bootable on the following four platforms:
o i386
o amd64
o macppc
o sparc64
(Other platforms must boot from floppy, network, or other method).
For more information on ordering CD-ROMs, see:
http://www.OpenBSD.org/orders.html
The above web page lists a number of places where OpenBSD CD-ROMs
can be purchased from. For our default mail order, go directly to:
https://https.OpenBSD.org/cgi-bin/order
or, for European orders:
https://https.OpenBSD.org/cgi-bin/order.eu
All of our developers strongly urge you to buy a CD-ROM and support
our future efforts. Additionally, donations to the project are
highly appreciated, as described in more detail at:
http://www.OpenBSD.org/goals.html#funding
For those unable to make their contributions as straightforward gifts,
the OpenBSD Foundation (http://www.openbsdfoundation.org) is a Canadian
not-for-profit corporation that can accept larger contributions and
issue receipts. In some situations, their receipt may qualify as a
business expense writeoff, so this is certainly a consideration for
some organizations or businesses. There may also be exposure benefits
since the Foundation may be interested in participating in press releases.
In turn, the Foundation then uses these contributions to assist OpenBSD's
infrastructure needs. Contact the foundation directors at
directors@openbsdfoundation.org for more information.
The OpenBSD distribution companies also sell tshirts and polo shirts.
And our users like them too. We have a variety of shirts available,
with the new and old designs, from our web ordering system at:
https://https.OpenBSD.org/cgi-bin/order
and for Europe:
https://https.OpenBSD.org/cgi-bin/order.eu
The OpenBSD 4.4 t-shirts are available now. We also sell our older
shirts, as well as a selection of OpenSSH t-shirts.
If you choose not to buy an OpenBSD CD-ROM, OpenBSD can be easily
installed via FTP. Typically you need a single small piece of boot
media (e.g., a boot floppy) and then the rest of the files can be
installed from a number of locations, including directly off the
Internet. Follow this simple set of instructions to ensure that
you find all of the documentation you will need while performing
an install via FTP. With the CD-ROMs, the necessary documentation
is easier to find.
1) Read either of the following two files for a list of ftp
mirrors which provide OpenBSD, then choose one near you:
http://www.OpenBSD.org/ftp.html
ftp://ftp.OpenBSD.org/pub/OpenBSD/4.4/ftplist
As of November 1, 2008, the following ftp mirror sites have the 4.4 release:
ftp://ftp.kd85.com/pub/OpenBSD/4.4/ Austria
ftp://ftp.stacken.kth.se/pub/OpenBSD/4.4/ Sweden
ftp://ftp2.usa.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/4.4/ NYC, USA
ftp://ftp3.usa.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/4.4/ CO, USA
ftp://ftp5.usa.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/4.4/ CA, USA
ftp://rt.fm/pub/OpenBSD/4.4/ IL, USA
The release is also available at the master site:
ftp://ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/4.4/ Alberta, Canada
However it is strongly suggested you use a mirror.
Other mirror sites may take a day or two to update.
2) Connect to that ftp mirror site and go into the directory
pub/OpenBSD/4.4/ which contains these files and directories.
This is a list of what you will see:
ANNOUNCEMENT amd64/ macppc/ sys.tar.gz
Changelogs/ armish/ mvme68k/ tools/
HARDWARE ftplist packages/ vax/
PACKAGES hp300/ ports.tar.gz xenocara.tar.gz
PORTS hppa/ root.mail zaurus/
README i386/ sparc/
SIZES landisk/ sparc64/
alpha/ mac68k/ src.tar.gz
It is quite likely that you will want at LEAST the following
files which apply to all the architectures OpenBSD supports.
README - generic README
HARDWARE - list of hardware we support
PORTS - description of our "ports" tree
PACKAGES - description of pre-compiled packages
root.mail - a copy of root's mail at initial login.
(This is really worthwhile reading).
3) Read the README file. It is short, and a quick read will make
sure you understand what else you need to fetch.
4) Next, go into the directory that applies to your architecture,
for example, i386. This is a list of what you will see:
INSTALL.i386 cd44.iso floppyB44.fs pxeboot*
INSTALL.linux cdboot* floppyC44.fs xbase44.tgz
MD5 cdbr* game44.tgz xetc44.tgz
base44.tgz cdemu44.iso index.txt xfont44.tgz
bsd* comp44.tgz install44.iso xserv44.tgz
bsd.mp* etc44.tgz man44.tgz xshare44.tgz
bsd.rd* floppy44.fs misc44.tgz
If you are new to OpenBSD, fetch _at least_ the file INSTALL.i386
and the appropriate floppy*.fs or install44.iso files. Consult the
INSTALL.i386 file if you don't know which of the floppy images
you need (or simply fetch all of them).
If you use the install44.iso file (roughly 200MB in size), then you
do not need the various *.tgz files since they are contained on that
one-step ISO-format install CD.
5) If you are an expert, follow the instructions in the file called
README; otherwise, use the more complete instructions in the
file called INSTALL.i386. INSTALL.i386 may tell you that you
need to fetch other files.
6) Just in case, take a peek at:
http://www.OpenBSD.org/errata.html
This is the page where we talk about the mistakes we made while
creating the 4.4 release, or the significant bugs we fixed
post-release which we think our users should have fixes for.
Patches and workarounds are clearly described there.
Note: If you end up needing to write a raw floppy using Windows,
you can use "fdimage.exe" located in the pub/OpenBSD/4.4/tools
directory to do so.
X.Org has been integrated more closely into the system. This release
contains X.Org 7.3.0. Most of our architectures ship with X.Org, including
amd64, sparc, sparc64 and macppc. During installation, you can install
X.Org quite easily. Be sure to try out xdm(1) and see how we have
customized it for OpenBSD.
The OpenBSD ports tree contains automated instructions for building
third party software. The software has been verified to build and
run on the various OpenBSD architectures. The 4.4 ports collection,
including many of the distribution files, is included on the 3-CD
set. Please see the PORTS file for more information.
Note: some of the most popular ports, e.g., the Apache web server
and several X applications, come standard with OpenBSD. Also, many
popular ports have been pre-compiled for those who do not desire
to build their own binaries (see BINARY PACKAGES, below).
A large number of binary packages are provided. Please see the PACKAGES
file (ftp://ftp.OpenBSD.org/pub/OpenBSD/4.4/PACKAGES) for more details.
The CD-ROMs contain source code for all the subsystems explained
above, and the README (ftp://ftp.OpenBSD.org/pub/OpenBSD/4.4/README)
file explains how to deal with these source files. For those who
are doing an FTP install, the source code for all four subsystems
can be found in the pub/OpenBSD/4.4/ directory:
xenocara.tar.gz ports.tar.gz src.tar.gz sys.tar.gz
OpenBSD 4.4 includes artwork and CD artistic layout by Ty Semaka,
who also arranged an audio track on the OpenBSD 4.4 CD set. Ports
tree and package building by Antoine Jacoutot, Nikolay Sturm,
Robert Nagy and Christian Weisgerber. System builds by Theo de Raadt,
and Miod Vallat. X11 builds by Todd Fries. ISO-9660 filesystem
layout by Theo de Raadt.
We would like to thank all of the people who sent in bug reports, bug
fixes, donation cheques, and hardware that we use. We would also like
to thank those who pre-ordered the 4.4 CD-ROM or bought our previous
CD-ROMs. Those who did not support us financially have still helped
us with our goal of improving the quality of the software.
Our developers are:
Alexander Bluhm, Alexander Schrijver, Alexander von Gernler,
Alexandre Anriot, Alexandre Ratchov, Alexey Vatchenko,
Anders Magnusson, Andreas Gunnarsson, Antoine Jacoutot,
Artur Grabowski, Austin Hook, Bernd Ahlers, Bob Beck, Brad Smith,
Bret Lambert, Can Erkin Acar, Chad Loder, Charles Longeau,
Chris Kuethe, Christian Weisgerber, Claudio Jeker,
Constantine A. Murenin, Dale Rahn, Damien Bergamini, Damien Miller,
Daniel Hartmeier, Darren Tucker, David Gwynne, David Hill,
David Krause, Deanna Phillips, Eric Faurot, Esben Norby,
Federico G. Schwindt, Felix Kronlage, Gilles Chehade,
Gordon Willem Klok, Hans-Joerg Hoexer, Henning Brauer,
Henric Jungheim, Hugh Graham, Ian Darwin, Igor Sobrado,
Jacob Meuser, Jakob Schlyter, Janne Johansson, Jared Yanovich,
Jason Dixon, Jason George, Jason McIntyre,
Jasper Lievisse Adriaanse, Joel Knight, Joel Sing,
Johan Mson Lindman, Jolan Luff, Jonathan Gray, Jordan Hargrave,
Joris Vink, Kenneth R Westerback, Kevin Lo, Kevin Steves,
Kjell Wooding, Kurt Miller, Landry Breuil, Laurent Fanis,
Marc Balmer, Marc Espie, Marco Peereboom, Marco Pfatschbacher,
Marco S Hyman, Marcus Glocker, Mark Kettenis, Mark Uemura,
Markus Friedl, Martin Reindl, Martynas Venckus,
Mathieu Sauve-Frankel, Mats O Jansson, Matthias Kilian,
Matthieu Herrb, Michael Erdely, Michael Knudsen, Mike Belopuhov,
Miod Vallat, Moritz Grimm, Moritz Jodeit, Nick Holland,
Nikolay Sturm, Okan Demirmen, Oleg Safiullin, Otto Moerbeek,
Owain Ainsworth, Pedro Martelletto, Peter Hessler, Peter Stromberg,
Peter Valchev, Philip Guenther, Pierre-Yves Ritschard,
Rainer Giedat, Ray Lai, Reyk Floeter, Robert Nagy, Rui Reis,
Ryan Thomas McBride, Saad Kadhi, Simon Bertrang, Stefan Kempf,
Steven Mestdagh, Stuart Henderson, Ted Unangst, Theo de Raadt,
Thordur I. Bjornsson, Tobias Stoeckmann, Tobias Weingartner,
Todd C. Miller, Todd Fries, Tomoyuki Sakurai, Uwe Stuehler,
Will Maier, Xavier Santolaria, Yojiro Uo, joshua stein
disktab on OpenBSD
Shell:/etc >: cat disktab
# $OpenBSD: disktab,v 1.19 2006/10/04 01:04:22 krw Exp $
# Disk geometry and partition layout tables.
# Key:
# dt controller type
# ty type of disk (fixed, removable, simulated)
# d[0-4] drive-type-dependent parameters
...
# a == root
# b == swap
# c == whole disk
# e == /var
# f == scratch
# h == /usr
cp3100new|Conner Peripherals 100MB IDE, with a different configuration:\
:dt=ST506:ty=winchester:se#512:nt#8:ns#33:nc#766: \
:pa#15840:oa#0:ta=4.2BSD:ba#4096:fa#512: \
:pb#24288:ob#15840:tb=swap: \
:pc#202224:oc#0: \
:pe#15840:oe#40128:te=4.2BSD:be#4096:fe#512: \
:pg#15840:og#55968:tg=4.2BSD:bg#4096:fg#512: \
:ph#130416:oh#71808:th=4.2BSD:bh#4096:fh#512:
...
f == scratch 我的f装成home区了:
Shell:/etc >: df
Filesystem Size Used Avail Capacity iused ifree %iused Mounted on
/dev/sd0a 97.9M 43.2M 49.9M 46% 2462 13536 15% /
/dev/sd0f 22.6G 5.3G 16.2G 24% 142269 2897857 5% /home
/dev/sd0d 1005M 20.0K 955M 0% 37 155865 0% /tmp
/dev/sd0g 34.5G 6.5G 26.2G 20% 354107 4271043 8% /usr
/dev/sd0e 1005M 70.6M 884M 7% 2891 153011 2% /var
procfs 397M 241M 0B 100% 74 65461 0% /proc
/dev/sd0i 19.5G 9.8G 9.7G 50% 89632 10154708 1% /mnt/c
/dev/sd0j 30.1G 20.3G 9.8G 67% 57920 10282504 1% /mnt/d
Shell:/etc >:
intro 3 for dev
INTRO(3) OpenBSD Programmer's Manual INTRO(3)
NAME
intro - introduction to the C libraries
SYNOPSIS
cc [flags] file ... [-llibrary]
DESCRIPTION
The manual pages in section 3 provide an overview of the C library func-
tions, their error returns, and other common definitions and concepts.
Most of these functions are available from the C library, libc. Other
libraries, such as the math library, libm, must be indicated at compile
time with the -l option of the compiler.
The various libraries (followed by the loader flag):
libc (-lc)
Standard C library functions. When using the C compiler cc(1),
it is not necessary to supply the loader flag -lc for these func-
tions. There are several ``libraries'' or groups of functions
included inside of libc: the standard I/O routines, database rou-
tines, bit operators, string operators, character tests and char-
acter operators, DES encryption routines, storage allocation,
time functions, signal handling, and more.
libcompat (-lcompat)
Functions which are obsolete but are available for compatibility
with 4.3BSD. In particular, a number of system call interfaces
provided in previous releases of BSD have been included for
source code compatibility. Use of these routines should, for the
most part, be avoided. The manual page entry for each compati-
bility routine indicates the proper interface to use.
libcrypto (-lcrypto)
The OpenSSL crypto library. Implements a range of cryptographic
algorithms, providing such functionality as symmetric encryption,
public key cryptography, and certificate handling. See
crypto(3).
libcurses (-lcurses)
libncurses (-lncurses)
libtermcap (-ltermcap)
libtermlib (-ltermlib)
Terminal-independent screen management routines for two-dimen-
sional non-bitmap display terminals. This implementation is
``new curses'' and is a replacement for 4.2BSD classic curses.
The libraries libncurses, libtermcap, and libtermlib are all hard
links to libcurses. This is for compatibility purposes only; new
programs should link with -lcurses. See curses(3) and
termcap(3).
libdes (-ldes)
Implementation of the DES encryption algorithm. See
des_crypt(3).
libedit (-ledit)
Generic line editing and history functions, similar to those
found in sh(1). Functions using the libedit library must be
linked with the libcurses library, i.e. -ledit -lcurses. See
editline(3).
libevent (-levent)
Provides a mechanism to execute a function when a specific event
on a file descriptor occurs or after a given time has passed.
See event(3).
libexpat (-lexpat)
Library routines for parsing XML documents.
libform (-lform)
Terminal-independent facilities for composing form screens on
character-cell terminals. Functions using the libform library
must be linked with the libcurses library, i.e. -lform -lcurses.
See form(3).
libfrtbegin (-lfrtbegin)
libg2c (-lg2c)
Support routines for Fortran functions. These two libraries were
separated to allow linking Fortran code with other languages on
ELF platforms. See g77(1).
libgcc (-lgcc)
GCC runtime support, including long arithmetic, propolice, and
language independent exception support. Note: users do not nor-
mally have to explicitly link with this library.
libgssapi (-lgssapi)
The Generic Security Service Application Program Interface
(GSS-API) provides security services to callers in a generic
fashion. See gssapi(3).
libiberty (-liberty)
Collection of subroutines missing in other operating systems, as
well as the C++ demangler and other functions used by the GNU
toolchain.
libkadm5clnt (-lkadm5clnt)
Kerberos administration client library, for talking to a Kerberos
database. Clients communicate via the network.
libkadm5srv (-lkadm5srv)
Kerberos administration server library, for talking to a Kerberos
database. Servers talk directly to the database.
libkeynote (-lkeynote)
System library for the keynote trust-management system. Trust-
management systems provide standard, general-purpose mechanisms
for specifying application security policies and credentials.
Functions using the libkeynote library must be linked with the
libm and libcrypto libraries, i.e. -lkeynote -lm -lcrypto. See
keynote(3) and keynote(4).
libkrb5 (-lkrb5)
libasn1 (-lasn1)
libcom_err (-lcom_err)
libhdb (-lhdb)
libkafs (-lkafs)
Kerberos 5 libraries. The libraries libasn1, libcom_err, libhdb,
and libkafs are all hard links to libkrb5. See krb5(3).
libkvm (-lkvm)
Kernel memory interface library. Provides a uniform interface
for accessing kernel virtual memory images, including live sys-
tems and crash dumps. See kvm(3).
libl (-ll)
libfl (-lfl)
The library for lex(1), a lexical analyzer generator. The libfl
library is a hard link to libl.
libm (-lm)
Mathematical functions which comprise the C math library, libm.
See math(3).
libmenu (-lmenu)
Terminal-independent facilities for composing menu systems on
character-cell terminals. Functions using the libmenu library
must be linked with the libcurses library, i.e. -lmenu -lcurses.
See menu(3).
libmilter (-lmilter)
The sendmail(8) mail filter API. See the documentation in
/usr/share/doc/html/milter/.
libobjc (-lobjc)
Library for Objective C, an object-oriented superset of ANSI C.
Use this to compile Objective C programs.
libocurses (-locurses)
libotermcap (-lotermcap)
Routines to provide the user with a method of updating screens
with reasonable optimisation. The ocurses(3) library is compati-
ble with the curses library provided in 4.3. libotermcap is the
4.3-compatible termcap library, and is a hard link to libocurses.
See otermcap(3).
libossaudio (-lossaudio)
Provides an emulation of the OSS (Linux) audio interface. This
is used only for porting programs. See ossaudio(3).
libpanel (-lpanel)
Terminal-independent facilities for stacked windows on character-
cell terminals. Functions using the libpanel library must be
linked with the libcurses library, i.e. -lpanel -lcurses. See
panel(3).
libpcap (-lpcap)
Packet capture library. All packets on the network, even those
destined for other hosts, are accessible through this library.
See pcap(3).
libperl (-lperl)
Support routines for perl(1).
libpthread (-pthread)
IEEE Std 1003.1-2001 (``POSIX'') threads API and thread sched-
uler. Threaded applications should use -pthread not -lpthread.
See pthreads(3). Note: users do not normally have to explicitly
link with this library.
libreadline (-lreadline)
Command line editing interface. See readline(3).
librpcsvc (-lrpcsvc)
Generated by rpcgen(1), containing stub functions for many common
rpc(3) protocols.
libsectok (-lsectok)
Library for communicating with ISO 7816 smartcards. See
sectok(3).
libskey (-lskey)
Support library for the S/Key one time password (OTP) authentica-
tion toolkit. See skey(3).
libssl (-lssl)
The OpenSSL ssl library implements the Secure Sockets Layer (SSL
v2/v3) and Transport Layer Security (TLS v1) protocols. See
ssl(3).
libstdc++ (-lstdc++)
GCC subroutine library for C++. See c++(1). Note: users do not
normally have to explicitly link with this library.
libsupc++ (-lsupc++)
(GCC 3.3.x systems only) C++ core language support (exceptions,
new, typeinfo). Note: users do not normally have to explicitly
link with this library.
libusbhid (-lusbhid)
Routines to extract data from USB Human Interface Devices (HIDs).
See usbhid(3).
libutil (-lutil)
System utility functions. These are currently check_expire(3),
fmt_scaled(3), fparseln(3), getmaxpartitions(3),
getrawpartition(3), login(3), login_fbtab(3), opendev(3),
opendisk(3), openpty(3), pidfile(3), pw_init(3), pw_lock(3),
readlabelfs(3) and uucplock(3).
libwrap (-lwrap)
TCP wrapper access control library. See hosts_access(3) and
rfc1413(3).
liby (-ly)
The library for yacc(1), an LALR parser generator.
libz (-lz)
General purpose data compression library. The functions in this
library are documented in compress(3). The data format is de-
scribed in RFCs 1950 - 1952.
Platform-specific libraries:
libalpha (-lalpha)
Alpha I/O and memory access functions. See inb(2).
libamd64 (-lamd64)
AMD64 I/O and memory access functions. See amd64_get_ioperm(2)
and amd64_iopl(2).
libarm (-larm)
ARM I/O and memory access functions. See arm_drain_writebuf(2)
and arm_sync_icache(2).
libi386 (-li386)
i386 I/O and memory access functions. See i386_get_ioperm(2),
i386_get_ldt(2), i386_iopl(2), and i386_vm86(2).
LIBRARY TYPES
The system libraries are located in /usr/lib. Typically, a library will
have a number of variants:
libc.a
libc.so.30.1
libc_p.a
libc_pic.a
Libraries with an `.a' suffix are static. When a program is linked
against a library, all the library code will be linked into the binary.
This means the binary can be run even when the libraries are unavailable.
However, it can be inefficient with memory usage. The C compiler, cc(1),
can be instructed to link statically by specifying the -static flag.
Libraries with a `.so.X.Y' suffix are dynamic libraries. When code is
compiled dynamically, the library code that the application needs is not
linked into the binary. Instead, data structures are added containing
information about which dynamic libraries to link with. When the binary
is executed, the run-time linker ld.so(1) reads these data structures,
and loads them at a virtual address using the mmap(2) system call.
`X' represents the major number of the library, and `Y' represents the
minor number. In general, a binary will be able to use a dynamic library
with a differing minor number, but the major numbers must match. In the
example above, a binary linked with minor number `3' would be linkable
against libc.so.30.1, while a binary linked with major number `31' would
not.
The advantages of dynamic libraries are that multiple instances of the
same program can share address space, and the physical size of the binary
is smaller. The disadvantage is the added complexity that comes with
loading the libraries dynamically, and the extra time taken to load the
libraries. Of course, if the libraries are not available, the binary
will be unable to execute. The C compiler, cc(1), can be instructed to
link dynamically by specifying the -shared flag, although on systems that
support it, this will be the default and need not be specified.
Libraries with a `_p.a' suffix are profiling libraries. They contain ex-
tra information suitable for analysing programs, such as execution speed
and call counts. This in turn can be interpreted by utilities such as
gprof(1). The C compiler, cc(1), can be instructed to generate profiling
code, or to link with profiling libraries, by specifying the -pg flag.
Libraries with a `_pic.a' suffix contain position-independent code (PIC).
Normally, compilers produce relocatable code. Relocatable code needs to
be modified at run-time, depending on where in memory it is to be run.
PIC code does not need to be modified at run-time, but is less efficient
than relocatable code. PIC code is used by shared libraries, which can
make them slower. The C compiler, cc(1), can be instructed to generate
PIC code, or to link with PIC libraries, by specifying the -fpic or -fPIC
flags.
With the exception of dynamic libraries, libraries are generated using
the ar(1) utility. The libraries contain an index to the contents of the
library, stored within the library itself. The index lists each symbol
defined by a member of a library that is a relocatable object file. This
speeds up linking to the library, and allows routines in the library to
call each other regardless of their placement within the library. The
index is created by ranlib(1) and can be viewed using nm(1).
The building of PIC versions of libraries and dynamic libraries can be
prevented by setting the variable NOPIC in /etc/mk.conf. The building of
profiling versions of libraries and/or dynamic libraries can be prevented
by setting the variable NOPROFILE in /etc/mk.conf. See mk.conf(5) for
more details.
FILES
/usr/lib/libasn1.a
/usr/lib/libc.a
/usr/lib/libcom_err.a
/usr/lib/libcompat.a
/usr/lib/libcrypto.a
/usr/lib/libcurses.a
/usr/lib/libdes.a
/usr/lib/libedit.a
/usr/lib/libevent.a
/usr/lib/libexpat.a
/usr/lib/libfl.a
/usr/lib/libform.a
/usr/lib/libfrtbegin.a
/usr/lib/libg2c.a
/usr/lib/gcc-lib/${ARCH}-unknown-openbsd${OSREV}/${GCCREV}/fpic/libgcc.a
/usr/lib/libgssapi.a
/usr/lib/libhdb.a
/usr/lib/libiberty.a
/usr/lib/libkadm5clnt.a
/usr/lib/libkadm5srv.a
/usr/lib/libkafs.a
/usr/lib/libkeynote.a
/usr/lib/libkrb5.a
/usr/lib/libkvm.a
/usr/lib/libl.a
/usr/lib/libm.a
/usr/lib/libmenu.a
/usr/lib/libmilter.a
/usr/lib/libncurses.a
/usr/lib/libobjc.a
/usr/lib/libocurses.a
/usr/lib/libossaudio.a
/usr/lib/libotermcap.a
/usr/lib/libpanel.a
/usr/lib/libpcap.a
/usr/lib/libperl.a
/usr/lib/libpthread.a
/usr/lib/libreadline.a
/usr/lib/librpcsvc.a
/usr/lib/libsectok.a
/usr/lib/libskey.a
/usr/lib/libssl.a
/usr/lib/libstdc++.a
/usr/lib/libsupc++.a
/usr/lib/libtermcap.a
/usr/lib/libtermlib.a
/usr/lib/libusbhid.a
/usr/lib/libutil.a
/usr/lib/libwrap.a
/usr/lib/liby.a
/usr/lib/libz.a
/usr/lib/libalpha.a
/usr/lib/libamd64.a
/usr/lib/libarm.a
/usr/lib/libi386.a
SEE ALSO
ar(1), c++(1), cc(1), g77(1), gcc-local(1), gprof(1), ld(1), ld.so(1),
lex(1), nm(1), perl(1), ranlib(1), yacc(1), intro(2), compress(3),
crypto(3), curses(3), des_crypt(3), editline(3), event(3), form(3),
hosts_access(3), keynote(3), kvm(3), math(3), menu(3), ocurses(3),
ossaudio(3), panel(3), pcap(3), pthreads(3), readline(3), rfc1413(3),
rpc(3), sectok(3), skey(3), ssl(3), stdio(3), termcap(3), usbhid(3),
keynote(4), mk.conf(5)
HISTORY
An intro manual appeared in Version 7 AT&T UNIX.
OpenBSD 4.4 August 26, 2008
硬盘与分区
Shell:~/tmp >: df
Filesystem Size Used Avail Capacity iused ifree %iused Mounted on
/dev/sd0a 97.9M 43.2M 49.9M 46% 2462 13536 15% /
/dev/sd0f 22.6G 5.3G 16.2G 25% 142498 2897628 5% /home
/dev/sd0d 1005M 20.0K 955M 0% 39 155863 0% /tmp
/dev/sd0g 34.5G 6.4G 26.3G 20% 351775 4273375 8% /usr
/dev/sd0e 1005M 70.3M 885M 7% 2891 153011 2% /var
procfs 447M 280M 0B 100% 76 65459 0% /proc
/dev/sd0i 19.5G 9.9G 9.7G 51% 89632 10125452 1% /mnt/c
/dev/sd0j 30.1G 20.3G 9.8G 67% 57920 10292980 1% /mnt/d
Shell:~/tmp >: cat /etc/fstab
/dev/sd0a / ffs rw 1 1
/dev/sd0f /home ffs rw,nodev,nosuid 1 2
/dev/sd0d /tmp ffs rw,nodev,nosuid 1 2
/dev/sd0g /usr ffs rw,nodev 1 2
/dev/sd0e /var ffs rw,nodev,nosuid 1 2
/proc /proc procfs rw,linux 0 0
Shell:~/tmp >: disklabel sd0
# Inside MBR partition 2: type A6 start 104165460 size 130271085
# /dev/rsd0c:
type: ESDI
disk: ESDI/IDE disk
label: SAMSUNG HM120JI
flags:
bytes/sector: 512
sectors/track: 63
tracks/cylinder: 16
sectors/cylinder: 1008
cylinders: 16383
total sectors: 234441648
rpm: 3600
interleave: 1
trackskew: 0
cylinderskew: 0
headswitch: 0 # microseconds
track-to-track seek: 0 # microseconds
drivedata: 0
16 partitions:
# size offset fstype [fsize bsize cpg]
a: 204876 104165460 4.2BSD 2048 16384 1
b: 4195296 104370336 swap
c: 234441648 0 unused 0 0
d: 2097648 108565632 4.2BSD 2048 16384 1
e: 2097648 110663280 4.2BSD 2048 16384 1
f: 48234816 112760928 4.2BSD 2048 16384 1
g: 73440801 160995744 4.2BSD 2048 16384 1
i: 40965687 63 unknown
j: 63199710 40965750 unknown
Shell:~/tmp >:
for my notebook.
apropos
Shell:~/tmp >: man apropos
APROPOS(1) OpenBSD Reference Manual APROPOS(1)
NAME
apropos - locate commands by keyword lookup
SYNOPSIS
apropos [-C file] [-M path] [-m path] keyword ...
DESCRIPTION
apropos shows which manual pages contain instances of any of the given
keyword(s) in their title line. Each word is considered separately and
case of letters is ignored. Words which are part of other words are con-
sidered; when looking for ``compile'', apropos will also list all in-
stances of ``compiler''.
If the line output by apropos starts ``name (section) ...'', you can en-
ter ``man section name'' to get its documentation.
unix-center.net:~ >: man apropos
apropos(1) apropos(1)
NAME
apropos - search the whatis database for strings
SYNOPSIS
apropos keyword ...
DESCRIPTION
apropos searches a set of database files containing short descriptions of system commands for keywords and
displays the result on the standard output.
AUTHOR
John W. Eaton was the original author of man. Zeyd M. Ben-Halim released man 1.2, and Andries Brouwer
followed up with versions 1.3 thru 1.5p. Federico Lucifredi <flucifredi@acm.org> is the current main-
tainer.
竟然一直不知道有这个命令,以前就知道man -k了,以后也要记得还有whatis, whereis.








